Muerte y redención en el hielo

Por: Jacinto Antón | 03 de abril de 2012

  SCOTT
Tal día como hoy más o menos -es imposible estar seguros de la fecha exacta: no sobrevivió nadie para contarlo- moría hace un siglo en su lejana tumba de hielo flanqueado por sus compañeros el capitán Robert Falcon Scott, el gran perdedor del Polo Sur. En estas agitadas jornadas de recién estrenada primavera y rescoldos de huelga, cuando parece que deberíamos concentrarnos en otras cosas, no puedo dejar de pensar obsesivamente en el postrado explorador y en sus últimos momentos. Le imagino agonizante en su ajada tienda azotada por la ventisca de una manera que debía sugerirle -aunque era agnóstico- el batir de las alas de un ángel del destino enviado a recoger su alma desdichada y fría. Nunca lo he sentido tan cerca, a Scott. La semana pasada dejé unas flores y un cubito de hielo como ofrenda bajo su impresionante estatua en Waterloo Place en Londres (cerquita de la de otro héroe congelado, sir John Franklin). Su sepultura en la Antártida me pilla algo lejos.

Desde hace años me había vuelto muy crítico con el capitán, a tono con la moda imperante en los últimos tiempos –yo siempre me acerco al sol que más calienta, y valga el tropo- que consistía bastante unánimemente en echar pestes de él y cantar las excelencias de su colega sir Ernst Shackleton  y de los exploradores noruegos Nansen y Amundsen.  El pasado día 15 de diciembre celebramos –yo en Oslo, enarbolando una bandera y dándole al gin-tonic- la conquista del polo por Amundsen. Era justo, Amundsen fue el primero en llegar allí y lo hizo en una asombrosa demostración de pericia esquiadora, conocimiento del terreno y riesgo calculado, por no hablar del pragmatismo de comerse a sus perros. Vino luego la fecha del 17 de enero, el centenario de la llegada del propio Scott y su grupo al Polo Sur. No parecía que hubiera mucho que celebrar. Alcanzar aquellas latitudes no está al alcance de cualquiera, ni siquiera hoy, pero llegar segundos, ¡y siendo británicos!, ¡bah!  Scott tragó mucha quina (como también lo hizo, desde lejos, Nansen: ambos consideraban que el polo era cosa suya) y emprendió la marcha de regreso después de posar, con sus cuatro compañeros, para la foto más triste y depresiva  de la historia. Tras perder por el camino a dos camaradas, Evans, fallecido tras enloquecer de cansancio, frío y escorbuto (añádase un golpe en la cabeza al caer en una grieta) y Oates, que se dejó morir en la intemperie para dar una posibilidad a los otros, los tres exploradores restantes acabaron metidos en su tienda, incapaces de continuar su ruta de regreso y salvarse.

SCOTT BUENA
La mayoría de los historiadores polares, con Roland Huntford, némesis de Scott, a la cabeza, coinciden hoy en reprochar al jefe de la expedición su mala planificación, su pésimo liderazgo y una tendencia a la melancolía y la autocompasión que contribuyeron a redondear el fracaso y la tragedia. Como lo hizo el pensar que tirar de un trineo era más noble que ir subido. Ya en 1985, Trevor Griffiths, el primer popularizador del paradigma oscuro de Scott, el contra mito, anotó estos defectillos del capitán: convencional, miedoso,  inestable, vacilante, manipulador, malhumorado, irracional, reservado, mal dotado (?), sin carisma…  Y ahora que levante la mano quien no se sienta identificado, ni que sea un poco.

A Scott se le ha acusado no solo de ser el causante de su muerte y de la de los hombres a su cargo, sino de haber incluso provocado ese desenlace como fórmula de expiación por el fracaso y, aún más grave, como una manera de trascenderlo y sublimarlo en gloria (póstuma). Ya no que no puedes ganar, se habría dicho Scott, mejor no volver y devenir  leyenda heroica por la vía del autosacrificio. El último clavo en el ataúd de nuestro hombre parecía haberlo puesto el propio Huntford al publicar los diarios comparados de Scott y Amundsen (Race for the south pole, Continuum, 2010) y demostrar la ineptitud del primero con sus propias anotaciones.

En fin, que yo estaba tan tranquilo con mi (mala) opinión de Scott cuando me enfrasqué hace unos días en un vuelo de avión  -ocasión que aprovecho siempre para leer de personajes desdichados- en la biografía del explorador que ha escrito David Crane (autor de la de Trelawny, el aventuro amigo de Byron y Shelley), Scott  of the Antartic, saludada como la definitiva. Cuál  no sería mi sorpresa al encontrarme con un libro pro-Scott, que incluso pone en cuestión que su mujer Kathleen se la pegara a su marido con Nansen, que ya es que te tiren los hombres fríos. Crane afirma que no está probada la consumación del adulterio pese a reconocer que el  noruego y la mujer del capitán se alojaron en la misma habitación en un hotel de Berlín: no sería para jugar al parchís, digo yo.

En cuanto a Scott, el biógrafo nos lo acerca como nunca, deshelándolo, por así decirlo, y restaurando su humanidad. Se abona además a la vieja teoría de que fueron las extremas e impredecibles condiciones climatológicas lo que en última instancia decidió la suerte fatal del grupo. De la vida del explorador antes del polo como la cuenta Crane déjenme destacar que el abuelo del personaje fue capitán de la Royal Navy  y mandó el HMS Erebus (¡toma casualidad!), que su padre era dueño de una fábrica de cerveza –el sueño de un adolescente- y que Scott, como una amiga mía que no es exploradora polar precisamente, no podía ver la sangre, pues le provocaba mareo y náuseas. ¡Vaya héroe!, se dirán.

Scotts-South-Pole-Party

El capítulo más apasionante del libro es el último, claro, se titula elocuentemente Ars moriendi y lo leí en el cielo entre turbulencias, sobrecogido.  Scott era bien consciente de haber metido la pata. Su planificación del ataque y sobre todo de la retirada del Polo Sur se había demostrado no solo errónea sino letal. Él y sus hombres llevaban días consumiendo la mitad de las calorías que necesitaban para empujar el trineo. Lo cual, además, les hacía sentir con más intensidad el frío, aunque uno se pregunta cómo se puede sentir con más intensidad los cuarenta grados bajo cero. El parte de daños era cada día más escalofriante: a Evans se le congeló la nariz, a Oates, un pie, a Wilson le torturaban los ojos.  Edgard Evans colapsó el primero.  Enloqueció. Pérdida de peso, deshidratación, falta de vitaminas, hipotermia, primeros estadios de escorbuto… Cuando murió, el 16 de febrero de 1912, la partida llevaba 110 días de viaje en medio de los parajes más terribles y desoladores de la Tierra. No consta qué hicieron sus compañeros con el cuerpo, sin duda le dieron cristiana sepultura pero la tumba no se ha hallado.

Tras otras jornadas indecibles, el siguiente en caer fue Oates. A mediados de marzo –el 15 o el 16-, consciente de que estaba al final de sus fuerzas y para no ser una carga, abandonó la tienda en plena ventisca y sin abrigo despidiéndose con su famoso “I am just going outside and may be some time”, frase que tiene su miga cuando no te vas a pasear por Picadilly precisamente. Como el de Evans, el congelado cuerpo de Oates no ha sido encontrado (aunque sí los calcetines): quién sabe si aparecerá algún día, al igual que apareció el de Mallory en el Everest. Una muerte de gentleman, sin duda, pero no por ello menos muerte. A los tres restantes no les iba a ir mejor. Pocos días después, siendo incapaces ya de avanzar más, se encerraron en la tienda en el que resultó ser su campamento para la eternidad. Scott tenía el pie tan mal que solo podía esperar una amputación. Decidieron, según consta en el diario del capitán, que morirían por causas naturales y no se suicidarían.

“El final está muy cerca”,  escribe Scott el día 12 o 13. El 29 de marzo, apunta que están cada vez más débiles y: “Es una pena, pero no creo que pueda escribir más”.  La última entrada no está datada: “Por Dios, cuidad de los nuestros”.  Así que la muerte debió producirse uno de los dos últimos días de marzo o en los primeros de abril.

SCOTT nposter
Los tres, Scott, Wilson y Bowers escribieron cartas de despedida. Podemos imaginar que el ambiente en la tienda era más bien fúnebre, pero también tenía algo de sublime: tres hombres en el helado patíbulo polar mirando  a la muerte a los ojos. Scott miraba también a la posteridad. David Crane recalca el especial coraje del capitán, que como agnóstico no podía encontrar el consuelo religioso de sus dos compañeros. La separación de su mujer y su hijo de dos años sería para siempre.

Pese a la desesperación, el frío, el dolor y el hambre –que el capitán describe someramente : “Estamos en un estado desesperado, pies helados, etcétera” (¡lo que cabe en un etcétera!)-, Scott escribió cosas admirables, en un registro que va de lo tierno a lo heroico y que alcanza alturas shakespearianas. Esos escritos no se yo si lo exoneran pero vive Dios que lo presentan como alguien ejemplar en el morir, y con buena pluma. A Kathleen: “No he sido un muy buen marido, espero ser un buen recuerdo”. “Debes saber que el peor aspecto de esta situación es el pensamiento de no volver a verte”.  “Haz que el chico se interese en la historia natural si puedes, es mejor que los deportes” (lo consiguió: Peter Scott  fue un gran naturalista e incluso bautizó científicamente al monstruo del lago Ness, para delicia de los criptozoólogos).  A su amigo John Barrie, el creador de Peter Pan: “Estamos demostrando que los ingleses aún pueden morir con espíritu audaz, luchando hasta el final”. A su madre: “Encuentra consuelo en que he muerto en paz con el mundo”. “No tengo miedo”. “Desearía poder recordar que he sido un mejor hijo, pero pienso que sabrás que has estado siempre en mi corazón”. “Por mí mismo no soy infeliz. Pero por Kathleen, por ti y el resto de mi familia mi corazón está muy dolorido”.

En su mensaje dirigido al  público británico, Scott escribió: “De haber vivido, hubiera tenido una historia que contar de la osadía, resistencia y coraje de mis compañeros que habría  conmovido el corazón de todo inglés. Estas pobres notas y nuestros cuerpos muertos pueden relatarla”.

SCOTT GROUPE
No los encontraron hasta noviembre, ocho meses después. La tienda estaba cubierta de nieve. Yacían en sus sacos de dormir, Scott en medio. El frío había vuelto sus pieles amarillas y vítreas. Los rostros presentaban severas congelaciones. Según un miembro de la partida de búsqueda, Wilson y Bowers exhibían semblantes plácidos, como si hubieran muerto durmiendo, pero Scott, que se cree fue el último en fallecer (¡qué solo debió sentirse!), parecía haber luchado duramente en el momento del traspaso, signifique eso lo que macabramente signifique. Tras retirar los diarios, cartas y varios objetos que luego se han vendido como preciadas reliquias (la última galleta hallada junto al cuerpo de Scott la adqurió por 4.000 libras el explorador y biógrafo del capitán Sir Ranulph Fiennes), se decidió abatir la tienda y cubrirla como improvisado mausoleo, coronado por una cruz hecha con dos esquís.  Más tarde se colocó una cruz encima del montículo.

Se ha calculado que con la deriva de la Plataforma de Hielo de Ross, donde está la tienda con los cuerpos, la improvisada tumba se encuentra hoy a 48 kilómetros del punto original (y bajo 23 metros de hielo). Dentro de 275 años llegará al mar de Ross y quizá el mausoleo  acabe flotando encastado en un iceberg.

Por un lado es triste pensar que Scott se aleja del Polo Sur. Por otro es excitante imaginar que de alguna manera se junta con la leyenda del Titanic (!). No hay que olvidar que ambas tragedias, la del explorador y la del barco, que se hundió el 15 de abril de 1912, apenas un par de semanas después de la muerte de Scott, sucedieron muy próximas en el tiempo (aunque la noticia del deceso del capitán no llego a Gran Bretaña hasta meses después). De hecho, la ceremonia fúnebre por los ahogados del Titanic y por los exploradores se celebró en el mismo lugar en Londres, la catedral de San Pablo, e incluso cantó el mismo coro: eso si que es rentabilizar.

Dejemos ahí, junto a un recuerdo por Scott, la extravagante imagen de un barco chocando en un futuro contra el iceberg que porta en su blanco seno el cuerpo congelado del explorador.

Por mi parte, mis profundos respetos, capitán. Quién pudiera decir que ha redimido sus limitaciones, sus pecados y sus errores de tan noble manera.

Scott-tomb

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