Codex Gigas, los enigmas de la Biblia de Satanás

Codex Gigas, los enigmas de la Biblia de Satanás

27 abril 2010 – 10:26
Escrito en HISTORIA, Leyendas, LIBROS, Rarezas
Etiquetado Bíblia de Satanás, Biblia del demonio, Biblia del diablo, Código Gigas, Codex Gigas, CURIOSIDADES, Leyendas, leyendas negras, Libro gigante, LIBROS, Libros enigmáticos, Libros malditos, Manuscritos enigmáticos, Manuscritos medievales, Rarezas

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El código del diablo
Existen muchos manuscritos medievales que ha día de hoy, y tras numerosos estudios, continúan siendo un verdadero enigma para muchos. Sus contenidos, sus ilustraciones y su historia son sinónimo de misterio. Hablamos hoy del más grande de todos ellos, el conocido como Codex Gigas, “libro grande en latín”, también conocido como “código o biblia del diablo”.

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Características del manuscrito:
Lo de “libro grande” es un título de lo más acertado, ya que el Codex está considerado como el manuscrito más grande conservado de la época. Sus dimensiones son impresionantes; 92 x 50,5 x 22cm. Contiene 624 páginas iluminadas con tintas roja, azul, amarilla, verde y pan de oro. Entre los textos variados se incluyen un buen número de ilustraciones recreadas con tremenda maestría. Su peso, nada menos que 75 kg.

Se encuentra en un estado de conservación excelente y conserva la unidad estelística con la que fue creado. De su interior faltan algunas páginas, que en algún momento de la historia fueron arrancadas, ignorando el contenido que pudieran tener.

El enorme tamaño está en consonancia con el de las Biblias que se manufacturaban en Europa en los siglos XI y XII, con su tamaño, los papas reformistas pretendían poner de manifiesto la importancia de los sagrados textos.

A menudo, estas valiosas Biblias o manuscritos eran regaladas a las iglesias o monasterios por sus poderosos mecenas como medio para indicar su condición, o bien eran regalos de obispos que querían defender su poder y hacer hincapié en la importancia de la fe en tiempos difíciles. Su enorme tamaño los reducía a uso de atril, posiblemente para uso en el refectorio monacal para las lecturas a la hora de comer o en el prebisterio de la iglesia para los servicios del día. No están considerados como libros litúrgicos, pero si que podrían ser complementarios.

El Codex Gigas se podría considerar como el último gran manuscrito de estas características, ya que en las fechas en las que fue creado comenzaban a aparecer en París las Biblias de pequeño formato y un solo volumen, que acabarían por resultar bastante más prácticas que estos gigantescos pliegos.

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Origen del Codex Gigas:
El manuscrito llamó la atención de todo aquel que conocía su existencia desde el primer día en que fue expuesto. La ilustración del Diablo entronizado en una de sus páginas fue lo que le valió el famoso apodo de Biblia del Diablo.

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En la época medieval el manuscrito figuraba entre las maravillas del mundo y se le atribuía un enorme valor material. La autoría del pliego se le otorga al monje Herman el Recluso del monasterio de Podlažice, aunque este es un dato bastante confuso y en realidad no se sabe a ciencia cierta quien escribió e ilustró sus pergaminos.

Una nota en el interior de la portada, de finales del siglo XIII, apunta a que ciertamente, el manuscrito fue creado en el monasterio benedictino de Podlažice. Más tarde, éste monasterio que pasaba por dificultades económicas, empeñaría el manuscrito al monasterio cisterniense de Sedlec. Más tarde, sería comprado de nuevo por los benedictinos, pero esta vez en el monasterio de Břevnov, financiando la compra el arzobispo de Praga, por encontrarla ajustada a derecho a apropiada para el tesoro de su orden. En todos los casos, el manuscrito siempre se encontró en sus orígenes dentro de la provincia de Bohemia, en la República Checa.

Allí estuvo hasta que en 1594, Rodolfo II, gran amante de cualquier obra enigmática, transfirió la obra a su colección personal en el castillo de Praga. Medio siglo más tarde, tras la Guerra de los Treinta Años, el castillo fue expoliado por el ejército sueco y el libro, junto a muchos otros tesoros, pasaron a formar parte de la colección de la Reina Cristina de Suecia. Desde entonces se encuentra en ese país, primero en la biblioteca real y más tarde, desde 1877, en la biblioteca nacional de Suecia, en Estocolmo.

Durante el paso de los siglos, y muestra de la atracción que ejercía el manuscrito, muchos incluyeron en él sus firmas, como los típicos “Yo estuve aquí”, de los baños públicos. Se encuentran inscripciones de los siglos 16 y 17, en incluso se pueden encontrar los nombres de Josef Pečirka y Beda Dudik, dos estudiosos checos pioneros en el estudio científico del manuscrito.

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Contenidos del Codex Gigas:
Su contenido, sin duda, es lo que hace de este manuscrito un volumen especial, único y enigmático, alejándolo de las biblias típicas manuscritas de la época.

El Codex incluye, entre otros muchos temas:

El Antiguo y Nuevo Testamento.

Traducciones latinas de Flavio Josefo, Antiquitates Iudaicae y De Bello y ss Iudaico, trabajos sobre la historia de los Judios.

Las etimologías enciclopédicas de Sevilla, en veinte libros, de Isidoro.

Ocho libros médicos. Los primeros cinco de origen griego o bizantino, que bajo el título de Ars medicinae fueron lectura obligatoria para estudiantes de medicina en el sur de Italia a partir del siglo XII. Al final estos libros se convirtieron en textos de medicina en toda la Europa medieval.

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Los otros tres tratados médicos se dedican a la medicina práctica y fueron escritos por Constantino el Africano, que fue monje benedictino sobre la mitad del siglo XI en Monte Cassino, suponiéndose traducciones de éste de otra serie de escritos médicos árabes.

Tras el final del Nuevo Testamento se encuentran sus famosas ilustraciones, una de la Jerusalén celestial y, enfrente, la del famoso diablo.

En páginas siguientes se encuentra una confesión de los pecados y una serie de conjuros escritos en gran formato.

La Crónica de Bohemia, escrita por Cosmas de Praga.

La Regla de San Benito.

Calendarios.

Listas de nombres, presumiblemente de los miembros o benefactores de la comunidad monástica local.

Santoral y Esquelas.

Todo esto, mezclado con textos cortos de antiguas historias, curas medicinales y encantamientos mágicos. Un peculiar puzle que recogió en su día los textos más importantes en varias materias, junto con fechas y nombres, para convertir el manuscrito en un ejemplar único.

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La leyenda de la Biblia del Diablo:
A parte de la ilustración antes mencionada de Satanás en una de sus páginas, la verdadera leyenda que siempre ha acompañado al manuscrito cuenta que el supuesto monje Benedictino al que se le atribuye la obra, fue condenado a ser emparedado vivo por un grave crimen y, para que la pena le fuera condonada, el monje propuso crear una obra monumental y única que todos alabarían y que llenaría de honores al monasterio y, si eso fuera poco, la ciclópea obra sería escrita por él en tan solo una noche.

Los monjes permitieron al atrevido escriba llevar a cabo su imposible tarea que, a la mañana siguiente, presentó su gigantesco libro acabado y reluciente.

Nadie podía creer que tan magna tarea hubiese podido ser realizada en tan corto periodo de tiempo y no se tardó en rumorear que el joven monje, para cumplir su promesa, había solicitado la ayuda del mismísimo Satanás, y que fue éste y no el escriba el que escribió todos y cada uno de los caracteres del manuscrito.

Mito y leyendas, lo cierto es que el Codex Gigas ha conservado su poder de atracción hasta día de hoy. De un precio incalculable, ha sido codiciado por muchos y los intentos de robo se han repetido a lo largo de la historia. Temor y obsesión, quien sabe si con algún mensaje oculto o sobrenatural que todavía permanece allí, esperando a que algún avezado lector se atreva a descifrar las auténticas palabras del Diablo.

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