Los Neandertales no se extinguieron

Bueno a la vista de la evidencia aportada ya hace un par de años debemos hacernos esta pregunta, el hombre de Neandertal se extingio? La evidencia parace sugerir que NO, aun esta presente en el genoma humano, su huella genética persiste en cualquier persona que tenga ascendencia europea. Sus exones están allí presentes mejorando nuestra coagulación, pero predisponiendonos a infartos, mejorando nuestra capacidad para formar vitamina D, pero predisponiendonos a diversos tipos de enfermedades proliferativas de la piel. 
En otras palabras parece ser que el humano moderno al llegar a Europa asimilo a esta especie que llevaba establecida allí durante miles de años y uso sus recursos genéticos para adaptarse mas rápidamente al medio ambiente.
Hoy en día se puede ver hasta un 5% del genoma Neandertal incrustado en el genoma de aquellos provenientes de Europa, en especial de Europa oriental.

Los Neandertales no se extinguieron

El legado de los neandertales: trombos, adicciones y depresión
Un estudio con 28.000 personas muestra las penalidades que nos llegan de la promiscuidad de nuestros ancestros

Hace solo diez años, la posibilidad de que los humanos modernos se hubieran apareado con los neandertales se consideraba una herejía. Hoy es ortodoxia, y lo que se discute no es si hubo cruzamientos –los hubo— sino si fueron solo un desliz de una noche o tuvieron alguna consecuencia importante. Y cada vez está más claro que no solo la tuvieron, sino que la siguen teniendo: enfermedades de la piel como la queratosis actínica, dolencias del tracto urinario, problemas digestivos, trombos arteriales, depresiones y adicciones tienen que ver de u modo u otro con el legado neandertal en nuestro genoma. ¿Qué sentido tiene todo eso?

El genetista evolutivo John Capra y sus colegas de la Universidad de Vanderbilt, en Nashville, Tennessee, y otra decena de centros estadounidenses presentan ahora el primer estudio directo de asociación entre el contenido genético neandertal de las personas actuales y sus historias clínicas. La investigación demuestra que ese ADN arcaico tiene un impacto “sutil pero significativo” sobre la salud de la gente de ascendencia europea, vivan donde vivan ahora. Publican los resultados en Science.

homo sapiens

“Nuestro principal hallazgo”, explica Capra, “es que el ADN neandertal influye, en efecto, en los rasgos clínicos de los humanos actuales; hemos descubierto asociaciones entre el ADN neandertal y una amplia gama de problemas de salud, entre ellos los de tipo inmunológico, dermatológico, neurológico, psiquiátrico y reproductivo”. La aportación neandertal a nuestro genoma es menor del 4%, pero no cabe duda de que nos ha dejado un legado notable.

Los apareamientos con los neandertales ocurrieron cuando nuestros ancestros salieron de África, hace unos 50.000 años en el sureste de Europa. Por eso la herencia neandertal solo afecta a las personas de ascendencia europea, y no a las poblaciones de origen asiático o africano. Parte de los asiáticos actuales, y muchos polinésicos, llevan también en su genoma los rastros de antiguos apareamientos con humanos arcaicos, pero en este caso no son neandertales, sino denisovanos, una misteriosa especie que vivió en Asia antes que los humanos modernos.

homo erectus

Los genetistas de Nashville han aprovechado un muestreo de 28.000 adultos de origen europeo recogido por la Universidad de Vanderbilt, con cada muestra asociada al historial clínico de la persona. La identidad de los pacientes queda protegida por un paso de aleatorización de las muestras.

No todo el legado neandertal es dañino. Respecto a la depresión, por ejemplo, hay una pieza de ADN neandertal que aumenta el riesgo, y otra pieza distinta que lo disminuye. Pero el caso más general es que los genes neandertales aumenten el riesgo de las demás enfermedades citadas al principio. ¿Qué sentido tiene entonces que ese ADN haya aguantado 50.000 años en nuestro genoma? Lo esperable es que la selección natural lo elimine junto a los individuos que lo portan.

homo habilis

Capra y sus colegas conjeturan que las variantes neandertales fueron beneficiosas en el pasado, y que son los cambios recientes en las condiciones de vida los que los han hecho dañinos. Por ejemplo, el gen neandertal que hoy aumenta el riesgo de queratosis, una lesión de la piel causada por la luz solar, pudo ser una ventaja en las heladas –y nubladas—estepas de la Europa primitiva, cuando era más importante aprovechar al máximo la escasa luz solar que protegerse de ella. Algo parecido ocurre con el color claro de la piel.

Las variantes neandertales pudieron ser beneficiosas en el pasado, pero los cambios recientes en las condiciones de vida las han hecho dañinos

evolucion

Uno de los tramos de ADN neandertal aumenta el riesgo de adicción a la nicotina. El cigarrillo no se había inventado en la época, así que el significado de este hecho es un completo enigma por el momento. “El cerebro es increíblemente complejo”, dice Corinne Simonti, la primera firmante del trabajo, “de modo que es razonable esperar que introducir cambios de una ruta evolutiva diferente tenga consecuencias negativas”. Lo que no es tan razonable es esperar que esos cambios dañinos resistan 50.000 años en el genoma hasta nuestros días.

En otros casos es más fácil conjeturar una explicación. Por ejemplo, uno de los genes neandertales estimula la coagulación sanguínea. Hace 40.000 años, ello pudo ayudar a los recién llegados de África a resistir a los nuevos patógenos que encontraron en Europa, y también a sanar de las heridas en aquellos tiempos duros. Hoy lo que hace ese gen es aumentar el riesgo de infarto, embolia pulmonar, complicaciones del parto y otros episodios vasculares.

Hallan un humano moderno con casi un 10% de genes de neandertal
Los datos de una mandíbula hallada en Rumanía implican que los humanos se mezclaron con los neandertales no solo en Oriente Medio, sino también en Europa

Hace cerca de 40.000 años, los neandertales desaparecieron para siempre del continente europeo. Pero dejaron un legado. De hecho, una parte de su carga genética (entre el uno y el tres por ciento de sus genes) sigue aún presente en los europeos actuales.

Ahora, un grupo de investigadores del Instituto Max Planck de Antropología Evolutiva en Leizpzig, Alemania, de la Escuela Médica de Harvard en Estados Unidos y del Laboratorio de Evolución de Vertebrados y Orígenes del Hombre en Pekín, se acaban de llevar una gran sorpresa al analizar el ADN de una mandíbula de hace entre 37.000 y 42.000 años hallada enRumanía y comprobar que entre el seis y el nueve por ciento del genoma de ese antiguo humano procede del hombre de Neanderthal. Se trata del mayor porcentaje de genes heredados de la «otra especie inteligente» jamás hallado hasta la fecha en ningún otro humano moderno. El hallazgo se publica este lunes 22 de junio en «Nature».

homo sapiens moderno

El tamaño de los segmentos neandertales en los cromosomas de este individuo es tal, que los investigadores creen que su ascendencia neandertal se remonta apenas a entre cuatro y seis generaciones atrás en su árbol genealógico. Lo cual es una prueba más que evidente de que los primeros humanos modernos (los que eran como nosotros) que llegaron a Europa se mezclaron con los neandertales que ya estaban allí.

Todos los humanos que tienen sus raíces fuera del Africa Subsahariana llevan en su ADN entre el uno y el tres por ciento de genes de neandertal. Y hasta ahora, los investigadores habían pensado que lo más probable es que los primeros humanos que llegaron al continente europeo se mezclaron con los neandertales en Oriente Medio hace entre 50.000 y 60.000 años, antes de dispersarse por Asia, Europa y el resto del mundo.

cruza genetica

Sin embargo, las dataciones por radiocarbono de restos de diferentes yacimientos europeos sugieren con fuerza que ambas especies, neandertales y humanos modernos, convivieron en Europa por lo menos durante 5.000 años. Y que durante este largo tiempo se cruzaron genéticamente en numerosas ocasiones.

En el año 2002, se halló en la Cueva Oase, en Rumanía, la mandíbula de un humano moderno de hace unos 40.000 años, un tiempo en el que los neandertales aún no se habían extinguido. A partir de ese año, el lugar ha sido estudiado a fondo por un equipo internacional de investigadores, bajo la supervisión del Instituto de Espeleología Emil Racovita, de Rumanía. Y ahora los científicos han analizado el ADN de ese fósil, que perteneció a uno de los primeros hombres modernos que llegaron al Viejo Continente.

Los Neandertales no se extinguieron

Los investigadores creen que entre el seis y el nueve por ciento del genoma preservado en la mandíbula de Oase procede de un antepasado neandertal, además de una serie excepcionalmente larga de segmentos de algunos de sus cromosomas. Y dado que la longitud del ADN heredado de un antepasado se acorta a cada generación que pasa, los investigadores creen que el propietario de la mandíbula tuvo que tener un antepasado neandertal muy cercano. No más allá, en efecto, de cuatro a seis generaciones atrás.

«Los datos de la mandíbula implican que los humanos se mezclaron con los neandertales no solo en Oriente Medio, sino también en Europa», afirma Qiaomei Fu, uno de los firmantes del artículo de Nature. «Sorprendentemente -añade David Reich, otro de los firmantes- el individuo de Oase no parece tener descendiente directo alguno en la Europa actual. Podría ser que formara parte de una de las primeras migraciones de humanos modernos a Europa, que interactuó fuertemente con los neandertales y que terminó por extinguirse».

neandertal

Por su parte, Svante Paabo, del Instituto Max Planck de Antropología Evolutiva y director de la investigación, afirma que «es una suerte inesperada tener ADN de una persona que estuvo tan estrechamente relacionada con un neandertal. Apenas podía creerlo cuando vimos por primera vez los resultados».

Ahora, los científicos esperan que el ADN de otros fósiles humanos anteriores a la extinción de los neandertales les ayuden a reconstruir con más detalle cómo fueron las relaciones entre las dos especies cuando ambas se encontraron.

homo sapiens

Se trata, desde luego, de un descubrimiento excepcional. Un hallazgo único y al que habrá que añadir más fósiles similares para terminar de aclarar uno de los mayores misterios de la ciencia de nuestros días.

702 thoughts on “Los Neandertales no se extinguieron

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